Leroy Nikky Barnes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leroy Nikky Barnes - Research Paper Example this life imprisonment was changed to 35 years of sentence when Barnes became a valuable government informant and began to expose myriad secrets of other drug lords and crime bosses. This research paper seeks to explore the character, status, and life journey of Nicky Barnes. Barnes had extremely conniving and astute skills which he used to spread crime in the country. It was in the prodigious world of crime that he found his shine and glory. Crime was where his mind worked the best and developed ingenious strategies to advance his interests. Research suggests that only a few other drug dealers were bigger than Barnes â€Å"during the Harlem heroin plague of the seventies† (Jacobson, 2014). He is 80 years old now and lives a quiet sober life, but he made a lot of headlines in myriad newspapers around the globe in his youth and adult life. He was the ringleader of the very notorious criminal organization named â€Å"The Council.† He himself laid foundation of this organization which under his guidance grew to become a highly powerful network. The centre of main function was Harlem, a large neighbourhood in New York City, where the heroin trade was controlled. An important thing worth mentioning here is that the name Barnes is not all about c rime because he is so much more than just that. Obviously, crime describes him and the first thing that comes up in anyone’s mind upon hearing the name Leroy Barnes is image of a powerful drug lord. But, research suggests that Barnes has long stopped worrying over drug mafia and heroin trade, rather â€Å"he is a doting family man, concerned only with his daughters and grandchildren† (Capeci, 1999). Also, not many people know that Barnes used to be a very smart student when he was young until forced to elope from home to avoid living with an abusive and alcoholic father. He remained involved in drug-dealing for a long time to support himself. It was only when he was sentenced to jail for drug-dealing that he gave up his

Lewins Model of Organisational Change Essay Example for Free

Lewins Model of Organisational Change Essay Example of repositioning Another current example is McDonalds who has lost touch with consumers and global changing needs of consumers (health issue) and are trying to reposition themselves capitalising on their competencies like store location and convenience to update their brand offerings. A brands market share and profitability may be strengthened by repositioning. Repositioning can be accomplished by: physically changing the product changing the price changing distribution changing image through promotional efforts aiming product at a different target market Repositioning When a product or brand’s position creates an unfavorable circumstance, the company’s marketing team may seek to reposition it. Repositioning is the process of changing consumer perceptions of a brand relative to competitors. It involves a sweeping process that must be implemented at the strategic level, thereby affecting every part of the company. It cannot simply be a marketing ploy, which might arouse the suspicions of consumers. Repositioning is the process of changing consumer perceptions of a brand relative to competitors. In the positioning map shown in Figure 5.9, Nissan did not have an advantage with regard to either safety or speed. The marketing department, after seeing the results, might try to reposition Nissan on the variable of safety. Repositioning would involve improvements in the safety features of the automobile (in the design and manufacturing departments), a promotional campaign to inform consumers of these changes (marketing), public relations releases announcing the results of new safety tests when they favor the company, and an overall company focus on safety. Such a strategy includes informing all employees about the new approach and rewarding those who suggest innovations and improvements related to safety of the automobiles.  If successful, a future positioning map would show Nissan moving up on perceptions of safety. The Hyundai example from earlier in this chapter serves as an example of effective repositioning. The company moved from perceptions of being cheap and low quality to a new position based on improved consumer perceptions of quality. Product re-positioning Sometimes during its existence, a company may notice that its products image is outdated, or can be improved. Then the company starts re-positioning its products in customers perception. Re-positioning consists in identifying a new, unoccupied market position and promoting the product based on the new criteria. Re-positioning is suitable for minimizing companys own products competition. The business is trying to make a difference in the way the consumers perceive the similar products they furnish. Re-positioning requires a sustained promotional campaign and bring forward many risks.

Women and Sports Essay -- Womens Softball

It has taken many years for women to gain a semblance of equality in sports. Throughout history, women have been both excluded from playing sports and discriminated against in sports. Men’s sports have always dominated the college athletic field, but women were finally given a fighting chance after Title IX was passed. Title IX, among other things, requires scholarships to be equally proportioned between men and women’s sports. Although this was a huge gain for women, gender inequality still exists in sports today. An example of this persisting inequality can be seen when looking at men’s baseball and women’s softball. In college, baseball and softball are both major NCAA sports. It is widely accepted throughout today’s society that baseball is a man’s sport, and softball is a woman’s sport. Very few people question why the two sexes are separated into two different sports, or wonder why women play softball instead of baseball . Fewer people know that women have been essentially excluded from playing baseball for a long time. This paper will focus on why softball has not changed the way women’s basketball has, why women continue to play softball, the possibilities and dynamics of women playing baseball with and without men, and the most discriminating aspect of women being banned from playing professional baseball. Basketball was created as a sport in 1891 by James Naismith, and it quickly became popular among both men and women. It initially started with the same rules for each gender, but according to Patricia Cain in her article, â€Å"Women, Race, and Sports: Life Before Title IX,† the rules quickly changed for women. Cain (2001) states that, â€Å"Almost immediately, however, some educators began changing the rules of basket... ...New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. Ring, Jennifer (2012). American women play hardball in venezuela: Team USA battles invisibility at home, is celebrated abroad, and faces gunfire at the Women’s World Cup. Spring 2012 Baseball Research Journal, 41(1). Retrieved from http://sabr.org/research/american-women-play-hardball-venezuela Ring, Jennifer (2009). Stolen bases: Why american girls don’t play baseball. Chicago Il: University of Illinois Press. Shattuck, Debra (2011). â€Å"Women’s baseball in the 1860s: Reestablishing a historical memory.† Nine,19(2), 1-26. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nine/vo19 /19.2.shattuck.html Women’s Sports Foundation (2011). Baseball and softball: Should girls and women have to choose? Retrieved from http://www.womenandsportsfoundation.org/en/home/advocate/foundation-positions/equity-issues/baseball_and_softball

Financial Terms Worksheet Essay

Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course. Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines: In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words. In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the following: Why the skill, concept, procedure, or tool is necessary for accurate record keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth Successes enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool Risks or failures associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft ® Word document with your name in the file name. Submit the file to your instructor. Worksheet Submitted By: Keila Quintanila [Type your name here.] Term Definition Scenario Balance sheet A fiscal statement that summarizes a company’s assets, liabilities, shareholders’ equity at a specific point in time and net worth. This statement will display if the organization is in good fiscal standing or not and if they can meet their long-term fiscal responsibilities. The director asked for the titles of the four financial statements that included in an audited financial report, which are the following: Balance Sheet statement, Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, Statement of Fund Balance or Net Worth or Equity statement. Statement of revenue and expense A statement summarizes amount of profit earned minus the amount of operating expense. The statement will indicate the difference as profit or loss. The health care manager purchased some medical equipment, in which he will enter in the statement of revenue and expense; the document will show the amount of profit earned and the minus amount of operating expenses. This will clearly shows the difference as profit or loss. Revenue cycle The revenue cycle starts with meeting of customers, following any transactions during the period of transactions and continues with a  company/customer association. The salesman has brought revenue into the company. Furthermore, the salesman describe that, the Revenue Cycle beings with meeting with customers, presenting the product and closing the sale during specific time; but more important is to have a continues business relationship with company and customers. Payer mix Medical practice: Medicaid, Medicare, indemnity insurance, managed care–of monies received by a medical practice Medical organizations predict third party payer mixes so that they can precisely predict their profits for the coming term. Revenue The amount of currency that a company essentially receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned products. It is the â€Å"top line† or â€Å"gross income† figure from which costs are subtracted to define net income. The medical organization, revenue is the money received from insurance companies, payer mix that brings in from the rendered services. The medical organization usually calculates and report revenue for a quarter or a year. References Baker, J. J., & Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Poverty in Africa Essay

Poverty is an unfortunate condition that exists throughout Africa. It is a widespread condition that affects the entire populace, resulting in Africa being the poorest continent. Poverty in Africa is derived from the many existing problems, and continues to cause devastating effects. However, a number of reforms are being implemented to resolve the problem of poverty. There are a number of existing issues in Africa, which leads to the derivation of poverty. Whether there is a civil war or a quarrel among its countries, Africa constantly remains one of the top locations for conflicts (â€Å"Poverty in Africa†). The effects of warfare, including the shifting of the population, the destruction of fields, crops and infrastructures, and the immigration of people from their homelands contribute to the rise of poverty. The destruction of fields and crops weakens the economy, which results in poor agriculture. With poor lands and agriculture, the availability of food and resources are greatly reduced. The infrastructures are crucial to the prospering of a nation. The lack of infrastructure in Africa results to the low availability of potable, clean water. Also, Africa does not have railways and roads that connect in a significant way, hence any transportation to and within Africa is very difficult (â€Å"Poverty in Africa†). Warfare can also result to refugees, which increases the number of people who are living in destitution. A weak government is also a root of poverty, thus an inefficient government will eventually lead the fall of the economy. It is difficult for a corrupt and an unproductive government to obtain the supplies and provide the people with the basic necessities, such as a providing the people with a proper education, building required infrastructures, and providing the people with enough food and water. Without a productive government, the country will not thrive and as a result, more people in the country will live in poverty.

All Quiet on the Western Front

All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is an anti-war novel from the opening chapters. Many people did not want to believe his novel represented the truth about World War I. In many ways, people were like Pauls schoolmaster, Kantorek, and they wanted to cling to classical, romantic notions of war. However, Remarque wrote his novel specifically to shatter those idealistic illusions. The young enage men who enlisted in the army on both sides often never recovered from their horrific experiences. They returned home with shattered minds and shattered bodies to an impoverished, ravaged civilian population that often regarded them as unpleasant reminders of a war they wanted to forget. Many civilians were unable to believe that the soldiers suffered horrors far greater than what they had suffered. Many veterans could not talk about their experiences because they were unspeakable. They were the victims, but they were also the killers. What had been done to t!hem, th ey had done to others as well. There are many reasons that the generation of men who entered their young adulthood during the war is called "the lost generation." The Great War seemed utterly senseless. Countries slid unknowingly into a conflict they thought would end quickly. They thought the conflict would follow the classical concept of warfare. They were utterly wrong. There was a strict disjunction between the romance of fighting for honor and the nasty, unbelievable wholesale butchery that actually happened. Hundreds and thousands of men died to win a few yards of land only to lose it again in another battle. Once the death toll neared unbelievable proportions, the war continued because civilians and soldiers demanded some justification for the slaughter and the suffering. The stalemate lasted over four years.It is difficult to estimate the scale of The Great War's casualties. Many of the dead were never buried in marked graves...

Free Essays on The Contender

The book The Contender was written by Robert Lipsyte. The setting of this book takes place in Harlem, New York with a boy named Alfred Brooks. Alfred Brooks is a young black man who had dropped out of high school because he didn’t like it, and now works at a local grocery shop, stocking self’s and cleaning up around the store. Alfred moved in with his Aunt Pearl and her daughters when he was 10 years old, after his mother had passed away with pneumonia. Alfred’s best friend James Mosely gets involved with the wrong crowd, and starts taking drugs and drinking instead of hang out with Alfred, and going to see movies every weekend. About this time in the story is when Alfred starts to get interested in boxing, after being beat up by these â€Å"friends† or bad influences that his friend James was hanging out with. Throughout the whole story Alfred still cared about his friend James, and didn’t want to see him get hurt. Through all the trying things tha t happened to Alfred in this book it made him a stronger friend, and also a stronger person in general. At the end of the story Alfred decides to go back and take his high school classes at night, and also promises to help James with his addiction to drugs, by finding him a drug rehab center. In the book The Contender Alfred Brooks shows many examples of maturing, as the story unfolds. He is very responsible and compassionate toward his Aunt Pearl and the girls, because he wants the best for them. Alfred gave the majority of his paycheck to his aunt to help pay for their apartments rent. Alfred also gains wisdom by learning from all his mistakes. When he went to the clubhouse looking for James and he stayed there waiting for him, and in the mean time got drunk and high, he then began to think he was foolish for trying to become a boxer. The next day he went to Coney Island with Major and the other bad influences in a â€Å"stolen car†, Alfred then learned that he couldn’t trust them.... Free Essays on The Contender Free Essays on The Contender The book The Contender was written by Robert Lipsyte. The setting of this book takes place in Harlem, New York with a boy named Alfred Brooks. Alfred Brooks is a young black man who had dropped out of high school because he didn’t like it, and now works at a local grocery shop, stocking self’s and cleaning up around the store. Alfred moved in with his Aunt Pearl and her daughters when he was 10 years old, after his mother had passed away with pneumonia. Alfred’s best friend James Mosely gets involved with the wrong crowd, and starts taking drugs and drinking instead of hang out with Alfred, and going to see movies every weekend. About this time in the story is when Alfred starts to get interested in boxing, after being beat up by these â€Å"friends† or bad influences that his friend James was hanging out with. Throughout the whole story Alfred still cared about his friend James, and didn’t want to see him get hurt. Through all the trying things tha t happened to Alfred in this book it made him a stronger friend, and also a stronger person in general. At the end of the story Alfred decides to go back and take his high school classes at night, and also promises to help James with his addiction to drugs, by finding him a drug rehab center. In the book The Contender Alfred Brooks shows many examples of maturing, as the story unfolds. He is very responsible and compassionate toward his Aunt Pearl and the girls, because he wants the best for them. Alfred gave the majority of his paycheck to his aunt to help pay for their apartments rent. Alfred also gains wisdom by learning from all his mistakes. When he went to the clubhouse looking for James and he stayed there waiting for him, and in the mean time got drunk and high, he then began to think he was foolish for trying to become a boxer. The next day he went to Coney Island with Major and the other bad influences in a â€Å"stolen car†, Alfred then learned that he couldn’t trust them....

A Detailed Break Down of a Teachers Job Description

A Detailed Break Down of a Teachers Job Description Teachers do much more than just teach. Their job descriptions are lengthy, much more than people realize. Most teachers work well after the final bell has ended. They take their work home with them. They spend several hours over the weekend working. Teaching is a difficult and misunderstood profession and requires a dedicated, patient, and willing person to keep up with all of the jobs demands. This article provides an in-depth look at a teacher’s job description.   A Teacher Must... A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. have a comprehensive understanding of the content that they teach. They must continuously study and review new research within their content area. They must be able to break apart the foundations of new information and put into terms that their students can understand.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop weekly lesson plans that link their objectives with their required state standards. These plans must be engaging, dynamic, and interactive. These weekly plans must align strategically with their year-long lesson plans.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. always prepare a backup plan.  Even the most well-thought-out plans can fall apart. A teacher must be able to adapt and change on the fly according to their students’ needs.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. organize their classroom in such a way that it is student friendly and conducive to maximizing learning opportunities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. decide whether or not a seating chart is appropriate. They must also decide when a change to that seating chart is necessary. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. decide on a behavior management plan for their classroom. They must adopt classroom rules, procedures, and expectation. They must practice their rules, procedures, and expectations on a daily basis. They must hold students accountable for their actions by determining an appropriate consequence when students fail to meet or follow those classroom rules, procedures, or expectations.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend and participate in all required district professional development.  They must learn the content being presented and figure out how to apply it to their classroom situation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend and participate in optional professional development for areas that they recognize an individual weakness or an opportunity to learn something new. They do this because they want to grow and improve.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. spend time observing other teachers. They must have in-depth conversations with other educators. They must exchange ideas, ask for guidance, and be willing to listen to constructive criticism and advice. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. use the feedback from their evaluations as a driving force towards growth and improvement concentrating on areas that are scored lower.  They should ask the principal or evaluator for strategies or suggestions on how to improve those specific areas.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. grade and record every student’s papers in a timely manner. They must give their students timely feedback with suggestions for improvement. They must determine whether or not students have mastered a topic or are in need of re-teaching or remediation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop and construct assessments and quizzes that align with classroom content and help determine if the lesson objectives are being met.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. break down data from assessments to self-assess whether or not how they are introducing the new content is successful or if changes need to be made.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. plan with other gr ade level and/or content level teachers determining common themes, objectives, and activities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep the parents of their students informed of their progress on a regular basis. They must often communicate by routinely making phone calls, sending emails, having face-to-face conversations, and sending written notifications. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. find a way to engage parents in the learning process. They must keep parents actively involved with their child’s education by developing strategic cooperative learning opportunities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. oversee classroom fundraising opportunities. They must follow all district procedures while tallying orders, submitting orders, counting money, turning in money, and sorting and distributing orders.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. serve as a sponsor for a class or club activity. As a sponsor, they must organize and oversee all of the activities. They must also attend all of the related activities and meetings.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep up with and study new instructional pedagogy. They must determine what is appropriate to utilize within their classroom and find a way to implement what they have learned in their daily lessons.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep up with the newest technological trends . They must become tech savvy to stay up with the digital generation. They must assess what technology would be advantageous to use in their classroom. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. organize and schedule all field trips in advance. They must follow all district protocol and get information out to parents in a timely manner.  They must create student activities that enhance the field trip and cement learning.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop emergency lesson plans and substitute plans for days that they have to miss work.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend extra-curricular activities. This demonstrates school pride and support for the students who participate in these events.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. sit on various committees to review and oversee critical aspects of the school such as budget, hiring new teachers, school safety, student health, and curriculum.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. monitor students while they are working independently. They must walk around the room, checking student progress, and assisting students who may not completely understand the assignment.A teacher mustâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop whole group lessons that keep every student engaged. These lessons must consist of entertaining and content-based activities that help students learn key concepts, making connections to prior learning, and building towards topics that will be introduced in the future. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. gather, prepare, and distribute all the materials needed to complete a lesson prior to when class begins. It is often beneficial for the teacher to go through a practice run of the activity before doing it with the students.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. model newly introduced content or concepts to their students walking students through the proper steps to solve the problem prior to giving the students the opportunity to do it themselves.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop ways to differentiate instruction to challenge all students without frustrating them while still ensuring that every student meets their learning objective.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop guided practice activities for each lesson where the entire class is able to work out or solve problems together. This allows the teacher to check for understanding, clear up misconceptions, and determine if further instruction is needed before turning them loose o n independent practice.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. formulate sets of questions that require both higher level and lower level responses. Furthermore, they must ensure that they give every student the opportunity to participate in the discussion. Finally, they must give those students an appropriate wait time and rephrase questions when necessary. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. cover and monitor a wide variety of duties including breakfast, lunch, and recesses.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. return parent phone calls and hold parent conferences whenever a parent requests a meeting. These phone calls and meetings must be held during their planning period or before/after school.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. monitor the health and safety of all their students. They must look for signs of abuse or neglect. They must report it anytime that they believe a student is in any potential danger.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop and cultivate relationships with their students. They must build a trusting rapport with each student and one built on a foundation of mutual respect.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must pause from lessons to take advantage of teachable moments. They must use these moments to teach their students valuable life lessons that can carry on with them throughout their life.A teacher mus t†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must have empathy for every student. They must be willing to put themselves in their students’ shoes and realize that life is a struggle for many of them. They must care enough to show their students that getting an education can be a game changer for them. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. evaluate students and complete referrals for many individual needs and services including special education, speech-language, occupational therapy, or counseling.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. create a system for organization within their classroom. They must file, clean, straighten, and rearrange when necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. utilize the Internet and social media to search for activities, lessons, and teaching resources that they can utilize within or supplement a lesson.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. make enough copies for their students. They must fix the copy machine when there is a paper jam, add new copy paper when it is empty, and change toner when necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must counsel students when they bring a personal issue to them. They must be a willing listener capable of giving students great life advice that can help lead them to the right decisions.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. establish healthy working relationships with their co-workers. They must be willing to help them out, answer questions, and work together in a team environment. A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. take on a leadership role once they establish themselves. They must be willing to serve as a mentor teacher to beginning teachers and serve in leadership areas as necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. change the decoration on their bulletin boards, doors, and classroom at various points in the year.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. help students identify their individual strengths and weaknesses. They then must help them set goals and lead them on the path towards reaching those goals.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop and lead small group activities focused on helping students acquire missing skills in areas such as reading or math.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. be a role model who is always aware of their environment and does not allow themselves to be in a compromising situation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. be willing to go the extra mile for their students offering tutoring or extended help for students who may be struggling.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. arrive at school early, stay late, and spend part of their weekend to ensure that they are prepared to teach their students.

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Project Managment - Essay Example However, determining whether the renovation was a success moves beyond architectural tangibles and considers elements of planning and control when external stakeholders are supporting the project or criticizing its long-term value and benefit. Successful project management through an environment with ongoing disputes and interruptions whilst attempting to maintain a positive stakeholder relationship requires dedication to planning, establishing control systems for employees and systems and customer/partner relationship management. The same can be said for the Forth Bridge renovation project, as it entails economic considerations on the local community as well as measurable changes in best practice related to maintaining quality stakeholder relationships. Planning involves a focus on human resources development, maintaining quality in not only construction but in collaboration and controlling process and resource allocation in the most cost-effective method available. Both the Forth Bridge and Thermae Spa encountered delays and complications during the renovation phase, however in relation to planning, control and stakeholder service, both projects met or are meeting their intended goals. This is the nature of project management: â€Å"Ongoing, high quality business relationships with customers have been recognised as a source of competitive advantage†¦the ability to control these relationships and enhance their quality is important to satisfaction† (Myhal, Kang & Murphy 2008, p.445). In major renovation projects involving multiple stakeholder groups, relationship development over a long-term project is a key function both for planning and for control. Key personnel will be acting as representatives of the renovation business or sponsor organisation, thus training in public relations should be included in the training curriculum. Project management is identifying the impact of human personnel, as related to basic fundamentals of sociology and psychology, and

Media planning for advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media planning for advertising - Essay Example Taking this into account, it is logical to think that the huge emphasis is laid nowadays on the quality of the advertising message transmitted to the potential buyers via various types of existing media, because the impact produced by this message determines the success of the campaign and – eventually – sales level. As the result, enormous amounts of efforts and financial expenses are involved in advertising industry, because creating a persuasive advertising message is considered to be crucial for consumers to make decisions in favor of this or that company. However, a bare advertising message is unlikely to guarantee success for a brand: â€Å"a great advertising message in front of the wrong audience is a total waste of time and effort† (Kelley and Jugenheimer, 2008, p. 5). For a successful promotion campaign, message strategies must be combined with wise media strategies for a message to reach the audience in the most effective way. Media strategies should b e always highly flexible and capable of complying with the changes in preferences and behavior of consumers. â€Å"When consumers change their consumption patterns, the marketing communications strategy to reach these consumers must change as well† (Và ­glundsson and Halldà ³rsson, 2012, p.1). It is also important to adjust media communication strategies to the patterns of media consumption and change (or enhance) them, if new media emerge or gain popularity among consumers. In the recent decades, rapid technological progress has shown dependence of marketing on the innovations in communication technologies. â€Å"For the advertiser and agency, this technological revolution has meant radical re-thinking and redeployment of how messages and incentives are distributed to relevant marketplace customers and prospects† (American Academy Of Advertising Conference Proceedings, 2013, p.

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage Essay - 1

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Every company aims at getting more than their implementation cost and diversity is a very powerful tool which ensures the same when implemented by an organization, this is the only reason why more and more organizations are implementing workforce diversity in their organization. More and more organizations are investing huge amounts of money in workforce diversity in order to keep pace with the customer requirements and customer satisfaction. Workforce diversity often plays an instrumental role in satisfying the needs of a customer. Diversity also provides good social value to an organization and this is another reason why it is implemented. Diversity workforce is pivotal in the success of a company when considered from a perspective of long run; it generates constant cash flow which in turn satisfies the shareholders of a company. This whole process is extremely important for any organization looking to expand or for that matter looking to sustain its growth. Workforce diversity has also become a legal requirement these days, companies have to stick to a policy of non discrimination and recruiting people from diverse backgrounds also satisfies the legal requirements of an organization. Diversity focuses upon the maximum utilization of the resources, the labor market has changed completely these days, it is no longer dominated by the whites, the talent available is huge and if discrimination takes place in an organization it would lead to devastation so implementation of diversity also satisfies a company’s resource requirements. By recruiting people from diverse backgrounds an organization makes sure that no discrimination takes place and the organization utilizes the resources at hand to the maximum extent possible. It is extremely important as a... This essay sheds light upon recruitment and how recruit affects workforce directly, several real life examples are also used in this essay to prove certain very important points. The essay also discusses several important concepts like recruitment, managing workforce effectively, managing a diverse workforce and its several advantages. Recruitment and workforce are very closely connected, workforce diversity is one very good thing, when employees who come from different backgrounds are selected, the organization prospers and this is how they become diverse but when there is no diversity, the organization has little or no options whatsoever. Everything starts from recruitment; this important point has been highlighted throughout the paper, organizations these days are keen on cutting the dead wood out but all those organizations hardly realize that keeping those employees for all these years has hardly done any good to them, the profits automatically come down. The researcher of the e ssay also shed light upon the importance of a diverse workforce, employees who are recruited should be recruited by managers who themselves are from diverse backgrounds and this should go on for several years until the organization reaps healthy rewards generated by this healthy practice. To conclude it is very fair to say that recruitment is arguably the most important step, the next important step is to manage a diverse workforce and to optimize the workforce to ensure that the organization attains all its set targets.

Description memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Description memo - Essay Example Workplace statistics highlight that the best performing employee is a happy employee. For an employee to be more efficient and more productive in todays workplace environment, as market research indicates, a healthy level of communication and relaxed atmosphere is important as these contribute to levels of happiness. The entertainment centre addresses this when compared to other options like using the space as a conference room. The centre will provide a work-free environment for stress relief via access to entertainment components such as television screens with an Apple TV subscription and gaming consoles. Game tournaments will be encouraged and set up to enhance communication while keeping the work-life challenging and interesting. Bean bag chairs and recliner seats will provide comfort during breaks with the cacti and bonsai trees adding a natural feel to the centre. The headphones and individual devices such as the iPads and google glasses are aimed at satisfying the interns ent ertainment needs without compromising ambience through noise pollution. Items such as the vending machine and table tennis set serve the purpose of encouraging interaction and mild entertainment through actual physical engagement. With this critical information in mind the entertainment centre appears to be an ideal response to enhance productivity, morale and communication of the interns in the

More Efficient Software System for the University Research Proposal - 1

More Efficient Software System for the University - Research Proposal Example Apart from direct cost implications, the current system forces the University personnel to work overtime in an effort to clear up work baggage. This unfolding is not only inconveniencing to the staff but also results in additional costs of labor for the overtime work. In line with the above challenges facing the current computer system used in the University, I have opted to present a proposal of that, if implemented, will see the entire system replaced with a more efficient software system. The new system targets to improve efficiency in all University departments by minimizing on the cost of maintenance, enhance the rate and quality of service delivery and minimize the instances that University staff is forced to work overtime (Miner, J. T., and Miner, L. E., 2008). The Problems Related to the Previous System The University has in recent years seen an unprecedented rise in the number of students enrolled for various programs. According to the records from the admissions department, the total number of in-session students at any moment is estimated to stand at 10,000. In relation to the system used to serve these students, it is undeniable that its capacity is by far being outstretched. The current system was installed when the university was starting implying it was meant to serve just but a few numbers of the students in the University at the time. As such, the current system has become exceedingly slow thanks to the high number of records it has to keep. This has resulted in unnecessary and frequent delays in most of the departments. The consequence is that both the students and staff end up wasting their precious time which could otherwise be utilized in some constructive businesses. Secondly, it is not unusual for a student to visit the finance department only to be informed that the system has either crushed or developed delays and, therefore, they should come sometime later. The cumulative impact of these cases results in excessive commotion when the ex am period approaches as students scramble to get clearance from the accounts department. It is also at such moments when errors are magnified and the system could end up breaking completely. Suggested Solutions To resolve the almost perennial challenges experienced in most of the University departments, it is imperative for the University to totally overhaul the entire computer and software system and replace it with a more efficient system. Therefore, I propose that the University considers replacing the current computer system with new hardware as well as software. I further propose that the new computerized system is purchased from Systemic Company. Systemic Company is one of the renowned and dealers in computer hardware and software. If the system is installed, the University would be guaranteed of better returns with minimum cases of hiccups. To facilitate stable operational activities and processes in the University Finance department, an efficient and trust worth the computer system needs to be implemented. Such a system could be in form of application software that permits the management, tracking, and reporting of all processes that takes places in the department. Systemic Software is designed to achieve this purpose.

Week-5 (weeks 1 to 5 journals) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Week-5 (weeks 1 to 5 journals) - Essay Example It is during this first week that I managed to get the assistance of my work mates into explaining minor details concerning my work. For instance, filing papers on criminal activities and judgments was a challenge to me. They explained to me the methods the organization uses in filing papers. My supervisor provided guidance into understanding the methodologies the organization uses in maintaining its papers. During this week, there were numerous challenges in interacting with my coworkers. Poor communication and miss-understanding of our job roles played a big role in these conflicts (Seta, 53). For instance, the secretary of my supervisor kept on giving me in accurate information concerning the instructions of the boss. On one occasion, the secretary asked me to present a file containing accident trials, instead of criminal cases. This issue lead to an argument between me, and the secretary. The situation was resolved when the boss came in, and outlined to us our responsibilities and how we ought to behave. During this week, I learnt perseverance while conducting my duties, as it is the only way of helping me associate well with others. This is because each of us possesses conflicting objectives in relation to our duties. Week two was the most challenging week during the period of my internship. The person supervising my work played a minor role in monitoring how productive my work was. This made me to take extra caution while conducting my duties, for purposes of efficiency while filing, checking and replying mails of the organization, and stamping judicial courts paper works (Seta, 12). It is at this week that a close relationship myself and coworkers developed. This helped in improving the manner in which we executed our duties, making us productive and efficient. My colleagues helped me a lot in filing court cases, since the papers were numerous. I could not meet the deadline of filing these papers, if I worked alone. During this week, the

More Efficient Software System for the University Research Proposal - 1

More Efficient Software System for the University - Research Proposal Example Apart from direct cost implications, the current system forces the University personnel to work overtime in an effort to clear up work baggage. This unfolding is not only inconveniencing to the staff but also results in additional costs of labor for the overtime work. In line with the above challenges facing the current computer system used in the University, I have opted to present a proposal of that, if implemented, will see the entire system replaced with a more efficient software system. The new system targets to improve efficiency in all University departments by minimizing on the cost of maintenance, enhance the rate and quality of service delivery and minimize the instances that University staff is forced to work overtime (Miner, J. T., and Miner, L. E., 2008). The Problems Related to the Previous System The University has in recent years seen an unprecedented rise in the number of students enrolled for various programs. According to the records from the admissions department, the total number of in-session students at any moment is estimated to stand at 10,000. In relation to the system used to serve these students, it is undeniable that its capacity is by far being outstretched. The current system was installed when the university was starting implying it was meant to serve just but a few numbers of the students in the University at the time. As such, the current system has become exceedingly slow thanks to the high number of records it has to keep. This has resulted in unnecessary and frequent delays in most of the departments. The consequence is that both the students and staff end up wasting their precious time which could otherwise be utilized in some constructive businesses. Secondly, it is not unusual for a student to visit the finance department only to be informed that the system has either crushed or developed delays and, therefore, they should come sometime later. The cumulative impact of these cases results in excessive commotion when the ex am period approaches as students scramble to get clearance from the accounts department. It is also at such moments when errors are magnified and the system could end up breaking completely. Suggested Solutions To resolve the almost perennial challenges experienced in most of the University departments, it is imperative for the University to totally overhaul the entire computer and software system and replace it with a more efficient system. Therefore, I propose that the University considers replacing the current computer system with new hardware as well as software. I further propose that the new computerized system is purchased from Systemic Company. Systemic Company is one of the renowned and dealers in computer hardware and software. If the system is installed, the University would be guaranteed of better returns with minimum cases of hiccups. To facilitate stable operational activities and processes in the University Finance department, an efficient and trust worth the computer system needs to be implemented. Such a system could be in form of application software that permits the management, tracking, and reporting of all processes that takes places in the department. Systemic Software is designed to achieve this purpose.

Redo of paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Redo of paper - Essay Example t contributes to ADHD; infection, trauma, complications during pregnancy or at the time of delivery or other injuries to the brain are included herein. Several studies show that brain damage is associated with greater attention deficits and hyperactivity (Cruickshank, Eliason, & Merrifield, 1988; ODougherty, Nuechterlein, & Drew, 1984). Moreover, ADHD symptoms occur more often in children with seizure disorders (Hesdorffer et al, 2004, Holdsworth & Whimore, 1974). Such injuries are, however, unlikely to be the cause of ADHD in most of the cases as most cases of child ADHD have no history of brain injuries of this sort. (Rutter, 1983). Re ­search also shows that not only do the siblings of children with ADHD who also have ADHD show executive function (i.e. cognitive control) deficits, even those siblings who do not actually mani ­fest ADHD appear to have impairments in the same functions, albeit milder. (Seidman, Biederman, Faraone, Weber, & Ouellette, 1997). Based on the responses of children with ADHD to dopamine and norepinephrine, it is suggested that such children may also have neurotransmitter dysfunctions and/or imbalances. Even though research shows that non-disabled children show a positive, though lesser, response to stimulants (Rapoport et al., 1978), evidence from drug responding by itself cannot be used to support a neurochemical abnormality in ADHD. However, some di ­rect evidence from studies of cerebral spinal fluid indicates decreased brain dopamine in children with ADHD compared to nondisabled children (Halperin et al., 1997; Raskin, Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Anderson, & Cohen, 1984). However, these findings are not conclusive. Although direct evidence for neurotransmit ­ter difficulties being associated with ADHD in children has proven inconclusive, results from animal research and that on typical humans suggests that they may be involved in ADHD. According to research, be ­tween 10% to 35% of the immediate family members of children with ADHD are

The social consequences as a result of EU expansion Essay Example for Free

The social consequences as a result of EU expansion Essay The accession of ten nations of Eastern Europe will increase the existing social crisis in these nations and also the entire EU. The Eastern Europe population has already suffered a lot as a result of increase in unemployment levels, poverty decreased wages, the destruction of various social provisions in the region in an attempt of fulfilling the membership requirements of EU. There has been introduction of conditions of a free market, the enterprises which were formerly being controlled by the governments have been privatized and also taking up measures which are quite radical by various states in order to join the EU has left the economies and social conditions of their countries very much devastated (MCCORMICK, 2007). The wage levels in the countries that are seeking to be admitted to the EU community are currently lower by 5 to 8 times as compared to the wage levels in the EU. The per capita average of the gross domestic product in EU countries is currently about twenty four thousand two hundred and fifty euros which is quite high when compared to that of states that are seeking to join the EU community such as Hungary and Latvia that only have a gross domestic product of seven thousand and eighty euros and three thousand seven hundred and forty respectively. The main cause of poverty in most states seeking admission into the EU community is unemployment; it has increased drastically in these countries over the last one and a half decades. A good example is that of the republic of Czech where it has increased from about zero point seven percent in 1990 to about six point five in the year 1998 and it is currently about eleven percent. On average, this percentage is twice as much in EU (Fischer, 2000). Although, the figures given above do not give a true reflection of the comparison, since there exists a lot of regional disparity. But the quest for countries to become members of the EU community and thus trying as much as they can to fulfill the conditions set is an obvious factor that has made these countries to experience some of these devastating problems like increased levels of unemployment and deterioration in the social amenities. In Bratislava which is the Slovakian capital, which is about sixty kilometers away from Vienna, the levels of unemployment are about four percent. This increases to approximately sixty percent in the rural regions which are about two hundred kilometers to the east. A comparable range of unemployment can be observed in the state of Hungary. Although, the unemployment levels are very minimal in the Budapest City, in the rural areas it increases to more than forty percent (MCCORMICK, 2007). The enterprises of the Western Europe consider the regions in the east of Europe as a paradise for their investments. This has made the states in the Eastern Europe to reduce their taxes in an attempt to make of making these regions attractive to the Western Europe investors. Czech Republic has reduced the rate of business taxes by about seven to twenty four percent. Poland has followed the steps of Slovakia and has introduced a tax rate which is uniform of nineteen percent which is applied uniformly whether one is just as ordinary employee or is a millionaire (MCCORMICK, 2007). The tax incentives together with massive differentials in the average wages has made several corporations to rapidly shift their production plants to the Eastern Europe states. This will in future make the states in these regions such as Slovakia to become the major car producers in the world when computed per person of the Slovakian population. Information and Technology as well as service industries are also being moved to these regions this will in future mean the creation of massive jobs in these regions as well as development of infrastructure (Roney, Budd, 1998). However, despite the major benefits that is likely to arise as a result of the tax incentives in these regions, the tax experts are warning the governments of these states that these measures are likely to be insufficient to enable these governments adequately cater for all their needs. They will also never be fully compensated for the shortfalls they will experience from the decreased revenues arising due to the reforms. These tax measures will leave several big holes in their budgets and as a result they will not be able to provide their citizens with all the necessary social amenities (MCCORMICK, 2007). In part, this state of affairs has been achieved already in the countries that wish to become members of the EU community. As far as the economists are concerned the foreign trade and budget deficits are the real potential crisis to the economies of these accession states. A good example is the one Estonia where the deficit in its budget rose to about fifteen percent in 2003. This is higher by about five times when compared to the deficit in the Argentinean budget in 2001 which was responsible of provoking a massive financial crisis. In 2004 Hungary, there was massive pressure on the forint as a result of the increasing deficit in the country’s budget. At that time the deficit in the foreign trade was about fifty eight percent while in Latvia it approximated sixty four percent of the total gross domestic products (Hofmann, Turk, 2006). Contrary, the accession countries will not improve the state of affairs even after they become members to the EU community. All the relevant economic indicators show that the disparity in wages between the west and the east will continue to persist for more than a decade after their accession. Again the reforms being undertaken by the states in the east of Europe will continue even after their accession. For example, the government of the Republic of Czech revealed that more reduction in pensions provision and health sector were necessary. Considering the prevailing welfare condition in the country, such a move can only be equated to privatization (MCCORMICK, 2007). Most likely, the Western Europe conditions will be modified with the conditions of states that are seeking accession. Even more attacks which are very comprehensive on the social standards and wages will be required to continue being competitive. According to an economic research study that was conducted by the University of Munich, indicated that the cut in wages that has been proposed in East Germany should be implemented. This is because after the accession of the Eastern Europe states, the regional financial support that was coming from the Brussels will decrease and this will lead to increased unemployment which will be a major threat to the economy of these countries (MCCORMICK, 2007).

A Case Study On Its Strategies Marketing Essay

A Case Study On Its Strategies Marketing Essay Changing lifestyles, in the form of the rise in nuclear families and double income households has encouraged the growth of pet ownership specially dogs in urban areas of India. The pet humanisation trend, whereby owners treat pets like family members and are willing to spend money on goods and services to keep them healthy and happy, continued to underpin the development of Indias pet food and pet care products market in 2009. Growth in the number of single-person households and the ageing of the Indian population also contributed to the positive development of the market, with many single and older people adopting pets for companionship. Pet owners have started taking interest in their pets diet, health and grooming. A gradual shift from home cooked food towards prepared pet food has been observed. Pet owners are more than willing to spend on pet food and pet care products than ever before.  Mars Inc. is an enigma, a mystery tied up inside in a bright candy wrapper. Its pet food b usiness segment, the biggest in the world at about $30 billion in annual sales, has been bleeding money in the U.S. and had has a slow-down in Europe, even in strongholds such as Germany, where Mars has had an incredible 80% market share. The companys new-product-development record is dismal, and the lack of new hit products is inhibiting growth. Mars has long been fanatical about its quality control and manufacturing efficiency -such as the humans taste-the test for the pet food but there are no miracles left in process technology. Mars is the worst, most feared company in the business totally unpredictable, capable of anything. Keywords: Pet-food, Mars Inc., Pets companionship, Lifestyle Introduction Mars, Incorporated is a worldwide manufacturer of confectionery, pet food and other food products with US$ 30 billion in annual sales for 2008, and it was ranked as the 6th largest privately-held company by John Mars and Forrest Mars Jr. in the United States by Forbes. Its Headquarters are in McLean, unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, USA. Mars operates in six business segments in the U.S. Chocolate, Petcare, Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Food, and Drinks Symbioscience. In India, the company operates in two business segments mainly, Petcare and Chocolates Mars is guided by its Five Principles namely, Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Efficiency and Freedom. Mars is the worlds third largest food manufacturer, after Nestle. Mars is the worlds leading confectionery company, following its acquisition of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company in 2008, with billion-dollar brands MMS ®, SNICKERS ®, DOVE  ®, MARS  ®, EXTRA  ® and ORBIT  ®. Mars has more than 70,000 associates working at over 230 sites, including 135 factories, in approximately 68 countries worldwide. Iconic global brands of MARS over the world are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mars Chocolate: MMS ®, SNICKERS ®, DOVE ®, GALAXY ®, MARS ®, MILKY WAY ® and TWI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mars Petcare: PEDIGREE ®, WHISKAS ®, SHEBA ®, CESAR ® and ROYAL CANIN ® à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wrigley Gum and Confections: EXTRA ®, ORBIT ®, DOUBLEMINT ®, SKITTLES ®, STARBURST ® and ALTOIDS ® à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mars Food: UNCLE BENS ®, DOLMIO ®, SEEDS OF CHANGE ®, EBLY ® and MASTERFOODS ® à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mars Drinks: KLIX ® and FLAVIA ® à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mars Symbioscience: WISDOM PANELTM MX, SERAMIS ®, and COCOAPROTM Three of the brands are more than 100 years old: ALTOIDS ®, JUICY FRUIT ® and SPEARMINT ®. Seven of the brands are more than 50 years old: MILKY WAY ®, SNICKERS ®, MARS ®, MMS ®, DOUBLEMINT ®, UNCLE BENS ®, and WHISKAS ®. Pedigree ®, the world No. 1 dog food, with more than 70 years experience behind them, PEDIGREE helps make sure that the mans best friend stays fit, healthy and happy. Theres a Pedigree meal for every size and shape of dog. Historical Background In 1935, Mars Limited was renamed as Mars Confectionery and it acquired Chappel Brothers Ltd, (CHAPPIE  ®) UK based canned dog Food Company beginning its long association with top quality pet foods by marketing Chappie dog food. In 1939, Cat food, KITEKAT  ® was first advertised in UK. In 1951, Chappie Ltd. manufacturing was shifted to Melton Mowbray, UK. In 1954, PAL  ® food for dogs entered the UK market under the name of MEET  ®. In 1957, Chappie Ltd. was renamed to Pedigree Petfoods Ltd. In 1958, WHISKAS  ® food for cats was launched in UK. In 1959, MEET  ® was renamed as PAL  ®. In 1960, CHUM  ® dog food was launched in UK. In 1964, CHUM  ® dog food is rebranded to PEDIGREE CHUM  ® and it was a beginning to its long standing association with Crufts Dog Show in UK. Silbury Soames is the first dog to be fed on PEDIGREE CHUM  ® to win the Best in the Show Award. In 1965, Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition was established in United Kingdom to identify the dietary needs, preferences and behaviour of pet animals. This knowledge was then applied to the products to better satisfy the needs of the pet animals. In 1967, The Uncle Bens of Australia pet food business was established in Wodonga, Australia. In 1968, Kal Kan Petfoods was acquired in USA, and Mars started its association with the American dog and cat owners and their pets. In 1977, all senior / general managers worldwide met in Easton, Maryland and formulized the Five Principles. In 1982, SHEBA  ® cat food was launched in Hamburg, Germany, in exclusive aluminium tray format, delivering exquisite food to cats. Small dogs were offered their opportunity for dining two years later with the launch of CESAR  ® dog food. In 1983, the first Five Principles of Mars booklet was published and distributed globally across the Corporation. In 1987, FROLIC  ® dog food was launched in Brazil. Two years later followed by PEDIGREE  ® dog food and then WHISKAS  ® cat food. In 1991, PEDIGREE SELECT DINNERS  ® dog food was launched and later renamed as CESAR  ® dog food for small dogs. In 2001, Royal Canin Petfoods was purchased by Mars and this leading French brand of nutritious pet-food was introduced globally. In 2007, NUTRO  ® Pet-foods was welcomed into Mars stable of leading pet-food brands. Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition The WALTHAM ® Centre for Pet Nutrition is the major hub of the global research activities for Mars, where they work with the dogs, cats, fish, birds and horses. In collaboration with the global scientific institutes, the unique team of carers, scientists and research staff have supported the leading Mars brands such as Whiskas ®, Pedigree ®, Trill ®, Cesar ®, Sheba ®, Kitekat ®, Aquarian ®, Winergy ® and Royal Canin ®. The team in these years has pioneered some of the most important breakthroughs in pet nutrition, and has shared the results of the Centres research in more than 1,500 publications, and regular communication with scientific and pet care communities. By developing products that have been constantly improving nutrition and care, they have helped the worlds pets to live healthier and happier lives. Waltham ® Centre for Pet Nutrition, today, is the worlds leading authority on pet care and nutrition because their science caresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the investment of the centre into pet-care and well-being, provides better and more relevant science à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ because their way of working, they have stimulated innovative solutions to research problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ because their research has been published in high impact journals They are having a lasting positive impact on the health and care of pets across the world. Strategic Management of PEDIGREE, MARS Inc. Mars has expanded through acquisitions. Through the years, Mars has acquired the most successful brands of pet food across the globe. Their strategy of global expansion has been finding the converts to its brands in new country after country globally. The company with aggressive marketing, along with acquisitions, has increased both its market share as well as its profits in a flat market. The acquisition of Doane by Mars has been an important part of their strategy to strengthen and grow their Pet care business in North America and the addition of Doanes U.S. operation, they will provide production capacity to accelerate their innovation pipeline and operating flexibility to better respond to their customers needs, said Bob Gamgort, North American President for Mars. The combination of Mars brands, science and innovation with the supply chain excellence of the acquired brands has significantly improved Mars business performance and competitive position. This has created a more efficient, geographically distributed network which has enabled Mars to respond more rapidly to shifts in the consumer demand and customer needs. In 1964, Forresters primary act was to destroy the fancy corporate surroundings, and since then, Mars has been practicing an open-office policy for everyone. Mars has built a culture that can only be described as every man for himself. Indeed, there are no private offices. The desks are arrayed from the centre of the floor in the descending order of ranks through their zones of management the lower- ranking zone fives are typically the brand managers, while the zones one and two are accorded to the senior executives. The company does not have special parking spaces or executive dining rooms, or washrooms at any of their locations. Competitors are afraid of Mars as they are witnessing a work of a strategic genius or the mad-scientist owners that have let the business slide as they chase their dreams of global conquest, which really is the way of how they capitalize on opportunities.

Jesus Christ: The Importance of his Miracles Essay examples -- Religio

Jesus Christ: The Importance of his Miracles Throughout history many people have given messages. They were trying to make people consider the messages. They would say that they would do something with out actually backing it up, or they would say they are someone with out proof. Jesus had made many messages that said that he was â€Å"the messiah†, the son of god. The performance of miracles had strengthened Jesus’ message. Because Jesus had done miracles to back up his message, people actually believed he was the messiah, Son of God. Many people believe Jesus actually performed miracles but some people believe he did not. In the book by Washington F. Jarvis (p 65) it defines miracle as â€Å"an occurrence which we cannot explain in terms of our present knowledge and understanding of how things work in the world around us.† Many people believe that Jesus did perform the miracles but few still believe they were phony. In the book by Washington F. Jarvis (p 65) it states that â€Å"many dispute this portrait of Jesus; many deny the possibility of miracles and find the gospel miracle stories embarrassing fairy tales.† There were people who were not too confident that Jesus actually performed the miracles. Many people also thought that Jesus was a troublemaker, if in fact he was the messiah, the son of god. In the book by Washington F. Jarvis (p 66) it says that â€Å"because Jesus broke the law by healing on the Sabbath, and because he attracted many adherents, he came to be regarded by the establishment as a dangerous trouble maker.† Many people thought if he could heal people he should know when to do it or when not to do it. They believed that he could perform miracles but that he was a trouble make or that he was working for the devil or something evil. Many people did think he could heal people. In the book by Washington F. Jarvis (p 65) it says that â€Å"but the gospels portray Jesus as a miracle- worker and credit him with the power to heal sickness and to alter the natural order.† Even though people could see that he could heal people, some still wanted to deny that he was a miracle worker. People knew that he was a miracle worker in the book by Washington F. Jarvis (p 66) it says that â€Å"when we read the gospels accounts, what strikes us the most is the fact that no one in Jesus’ time, friend or enemy, ever indicated the slightest doubt that Jesus did miracles.... ... his fingers in to his ears, spat and touched his tongue. He looked up to the heaven and said ephphatha, ‘be opened’ in Aramaic, and the man was cured (mark7: 31-7). Jesus also performed another miracle with a blind man. In the book by E. P. Sanders (p 145) it says â€Å"in Bethsaida a blind man was brought to him. He took him outside the village, spat on his eyes, and laid his hands on him. The man’s sight was partially restored: he could see people, but they looked ‘like trees walking’ Jesus again put his hands over his eyes, and his sight was restored (mark 8:22-6). In conclusion Jesus could perform miracles and the way he did them strengthened his message. The performance of miracles did strengthen his message because of the witnesses that had seen him. Even though there were many doubts about Jesus there were also people who knew he was working for God. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Jarvis, Washington F. And still is ours today the story of Jesus New York: The Sea Bury press1980 2. Porter, Roy J. Jesus Christ the Jesus of history, the Christ of faith England, London: Duncan Baird publishers ltd 1999 3. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus England: The Penguin group 1993

Factors on the Four Functions of Management Essay

In regards to internal and external factors that can significantly influence the four functions of management, include such items as globalization, technology, diversity, ethics and innovation. Furthermore, all of these items pay an important role in the dominance of General Motors in the automotive industry. GM has changed manufacture attitudes to concentrate on some strategic priorities those being to become common, envision lean and compete fast, participate on a worldwide footing, cultivate the business and as a rule significantly keep their attention on the finished goods. General Motors is determined to be committed to a lean and familiar single, global manufacturing approach (Automotive Intelligence News, 2003). The external factor of globalization is a major factor in today’s business world. Globalization additionally adds to the factors of cultural diversity and cultural ethics as it pertains to business climate, culture and organization. Likewise, even in the US General Motors deals with the issues of diversity and values based of the many cultures that live within the country. Diversity can be both a help and a hindrance to the four function of management, in that when cultural diversity is utilized correctly it aids in all phases of business. However, if both the countries or the individual workers feel that their culture or beliefs are being looked down upon or are demeaned this can lead to serious repercussion. The same ca be said concerning the ethics each culture holds management must walk a fine line to ensure no vilification or no indignity occurs. Globalization needs a firm touch and a steady hand in the first planning, which entails what countries a company wants to build and sell their goods to, while maintaining a presence in that country. What value the product will bring, the cost of materials, taxes or tariffs, and if the people of those countries have a  need, the cost, and the desire to purchase their vehicles. As to organizing, in globalization GM must ensure that local customs will not be pushed aside and must they maintain a proper level of respect and decorum in dealing with the local population and their cultural identity. Manager must organize by creating a dialog with other countries on GM’s products, explaining the utilization of each countries environmental assets and capital, showing how that being a partnering country with GM will help their country and its people. They must correspondingly incorporate the concept of co-design and systems approach, during the organization function to ensure each country has the belief that they are truly partners with GM. General Motors is currently in the process of restructuring their Global Vehicle Engineering organization. The reason they are doing this is to enhance cross-system integration and to bring more coherent implementation across vehicle platforms. They are also further addressing the functional safety and compliance in its vehicles worldwide (GM News, 2014). Whereas this reorganization moves GM away from long-established regional authority toward an organization built on global functions. As to the role of leading, globalization brings with it a different set of problems and requirements. In General Motors situation the leading function of management, in the terms of what the role intention is remains the same and can be defined as the focus of guiding the activities of personnel with motivation. However, the challenges of doing so on a global scale are daunting because of issues in cultural difference, in ethics and diversity. Managers must have a working knowledge of the country’s culture, its ethical stances, and language differences both verbal and nonverbal. The controlling function of management within globalization again comes with its own set of issues that need to be overcome. Likewise, to be able to establish standards, then measure the performance in contrast to those standards and make corrective changes to those standards and plans that have been determined ineffective (Merchant, 1982). In a global setting put additional meaning to the controlling function of management. Management for General Motors have been successful in the endeavor and proof of this can be seen in how they continue to rank near or at the top the list of vehicles sold worldwide. GM is closing the gap on Toyota lead in sales, because of changes in how they are using the control function of management to correct the situation.  Since, GM began to renovate its vehicle roster into one of the keenest and newest in the automotive industry from one of the eldest and more outdated ones (Jie, & Horie, 2014). So any and everyone can see how globalization as an external factor affects a company such as General Motors in its operations of the four functions of management. Technology in this case should be considered both and external and internal factor that can affect a company such as GM. Since, technology deals with not only information and enterprise systems to run a business, it also deals with the creation of new products and equipment to be use in their cars and trucks. General Motors in being such a large global company have an extensive enterprise system to deal with employees, customers, security, and data collection to enable it to run both effectively and efficiently on a global scale. However, technology in the creation and advancement of products goes hand in hand with innovation. We can see how technology is part of innovation, in the way GM addresses the idea of a fully electric car that can go 200 miles between charges. Additionally, the connection of technology and innovation is seen in General Motor’s electric and gas hybrid car the Chevy Volt. GM similarly has an all-electric car that can go 82 miles on a charge called the Chevy Spark (The Denver Post, 2013). General Motor’s innovations created a need for better technology in electric car batteries, charging systems. They also created a need for electric charging facilities for people who are traveling on long trips, which are still under research as to cost, viability, and the possibility. All of this innovation leads to technology to design and build components that will be needed to compete in this sector of the industry. What is more, all four functions of management are thoroughly affected by globalization, diversity, ethics, innovation and technology as these elements play a crucial role in the structure and running of any business in today world economy. References Automotive Intelligence News. (2003). GM’s Global Manufacturing System – A System To Build Great Cars and Trucks. Retrieved from http://www.autointell.com/News-2003/January-2003/January-2003-1/January-03-03-p6.htm GM News. (2014). GM Restructures Global Engineering for Cross-System Integration. Retrieved from http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2014/Apr/0422-global-eng.html Jie, M. & Horie, M. (2014). Toyota Beats GM in 2013 as 10 Million Vehicles Seen. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-23/toyota-beats-gm-vw-in-2013-car-sales-sees-3-growth-this-year.html Merchant, K. (1982). Controlling Function of Management. Retrieved from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/ The Denver Post. (2013). General Motors working on 200-mile electric car, exec says. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_24109259/general-motors-working-200-mile-electric-car-exec

Reporting Practices & Ethics Essay

Financial management can be defined as both an art and a science of organizing the financial resources of an organization in such a way as to achieve maximum output from the finances that are available to the organization. (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). Financial management is one of the key aspects that each organization including healthcare facilities need to put more emphasis on to increase efficiency. The four elements of financial management There are four fundamental elements that guide the art of financial management (Baker & Powell, 2005) these include: i) Financial accounting and reporting This element of financial management enables both the financial managers and the general managers to be able to undertake the legal reporting responsibilities by providing the information and data that can be scrutinized. ii) Financial Analysis It is an indicator of the performance of an institution or a company. It can be used to expose potential shortcomings or any weaknesses which the management should put more focus on to be able to meet both short and long term goals of the institution. iii) Financial planning & Budgeting The first two elements of financial management i. e. financial accounting and reporting and financial reporting, lead to the third element which is financial planning and budgeting. The financial plans and budgets are prepared from the first two tools and will help to guide the company or institution in both the short run and the long run (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is an important financial tool that can help to identify any shortfalls or deficits in the internal funds in an institution and thus point to the need for external funding such as debt or equity financing. iv) Financial Activities These are the activities which a company can explore to be able to make up for any deficit in the internal budget. These sources of financing could include: retained earnings, contributions from donors and governments, equity and debt financing and leases or concessions. Generally acceptable accounting Principles There are several principles that can be considered as acceptable in financial management and these include: i) Consistency-this means that across all time periods, all information that is gathered and presented should be the same. It holds that a company/institution cannot for example change the way in which they do their inventory without a valid reason for the change being included in the financial statements. ii) Relevance-this stands for the appropriateness of the information that is contained in the financial statements presented. These statements should be able to help one to predict the future financial state of the company or institution. Reliability-an independent party should be able to verify the information that is presented in the financial statements. The institution must be sure that an independent auditor would come up with the same findings if they were to carry out the same analysis (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is a great way for the company or institution to prove that it is transparent and can be trusted. iv) Comparability- this means an institution’s financial statements can relate with similar businesses within the same industry. This enables investors to note the differences within an industry to compare the performance of a company in relation to others in the industry. These generally acceptable principles ensure that all the companies are on the same level playing grounds. General Financial Ethical Standards The ethical standards that should be closely observed in financial management include: i) Conflict of Interest It occurs as a result of a clash of the private interests of an individual with the interests of the company. As a result of these actions one is unable to effectively carry out the duties due to him/her in the organization. This can also be as a result of an individual or a member of his/her family receiving personal benefits in an improper way due to the position they hold in the organization (De Boers etal, 2007). Another case that can bring about a conflict of interest is when one at the time of working for a company has associations with a competitor. Thus all staff of a company should report to the executive officers any transaction that is likely to bring about any conflict of interest. ii) Corporate opportunities This deals with the fact that one should always help the company to advance its interests first wherever possible and there should be no use of corporate property or information for improper personal gain. Employees are also prohibited from competing with the company or organization either directly or indirectly. This ensures that the institution always gets top priority from its employees and at such improves business practices. iii) Compliance and Reporting All the employees of financial institutions should make it top priority to identify any potential problematic issues. They should also seek for help whenever they have doubts about the codes of conduct in the financial institution (De Boers etal, 2007). Any violation of this should lead to subsequent disciplinary action. This standard is important as it helps the institution to identify any potential problem way before they occur if all the employees observe this standard keenly. iv) Public Disclosure The information in the public domains should not only be fair and accurate, but also timely and understandable and should include the interest of all the key stakeholders in the institution. Information should not be knowingly misinterpreted or omitted or be presented in such a way as to cause others to do the same. This standard helps the institution to win the confidence of the public and more so the shareholders as it displays that their operations are transparent. v) Fair Dealing Each employee in the institution should strive to be fair in their dealings with all the involved parties and especially the clients, suppliers and service providers as well as employees and competitors alike. This helps the institution to gain goodwill of all the people the deal with and it helps to build the reputation of the institution (Baker & Powell, 2005). Reporting Illegal and Unethical Behavior It is the duty of all employees to report any one that is deemed to be going against these ethical standards. This reporting can either be internal or external and it should be treated with utmost confidentiality. References Brigham, E. & Ehrhardt, C. (2004). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Boston Massachusetts: South Western College Publishing. De Boers, P. , Ruud, B. , & Wim, K. (2007). The Basics of Financial Management: An introductory course in finance, management accounting and financial accounting. New York : Routledge Publishers. Baker, K . ,& Powell ,G. (2005). Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Development of the Bill of Rights

When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government.Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests.George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting â€Å"the Liberty and Happiness of the people. † Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states.Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so.From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers.Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is , that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government.As James Madison expressed it, â€Å"If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. † Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. â€Å"Although nine of th e thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council.This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality.For instanc e, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles.The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system.Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded.Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery.In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged.The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congre ssional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v.Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities.In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him.The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the â€Å"separate but equal† principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s.Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of â€Å"separate but equal† in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v.Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and â€Å"with all deliberate speed†. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly.Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on th eir gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of women's rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that women's rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many women's rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment.Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturne d the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v.Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U.S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Throug h a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v.Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Streng thening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged.The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall †¦ be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦.†Practically, th is statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed., 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W.   1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74